The departments and programs of instruction in the following descriptions are listed in alphabetical order. Note that major and minor requirements listed apply to students who matriculate in 2022–2023; other students must follow the major and minor requirements that were in place the year they matriculated. Recent editions of the Bowdoin College Catalogue and Academic Handbook can be found in the Archive. Visit the Bowdoin Digital Commons for the comprehensive collection.

Explanation of Symbols Used

Symbols Used

Symbol	Definition
*	On leave for the fall semester.
**	On leave for the spring semester.
‡	On leave for the entire academic year.

All courses are listed under the originating department or program and may be cross-listed into other subject areas. Courses are numbered according to the following system:

Course Numbering

Numbers	Definition
1000–1049	First-year writing seminars
1050–1099	Courses intended for non-majors
1100–1999	Introductory courses
2000–2969	Intermediate courses and seminars
2970–2998	Intermediate independent studies
2999	Intermediate collaborative study
3000–3999	Advanced courses and seminars
4000–4079	Advanced independent studies, advanced collaborative study, senior projects, and honors projects

Additional Information in the Course Descriptions

Distribution Requirements

Students must earn at least one full credit for a letter grade* in each of the following five distribution areas:

• Difference, Power, and Inequity (DPI). These courses examine difference in terms of power and inequity. Students learn theories, methods, and skills to analyze structures of privilege and inequality. Students confront how such structures intersect with their own experiences.
• Inquiry in the Natural Sciences (INS). These courses help students expand their understanding of the natural sciences through practices associated with questioning, measuring, modeling, and explaining the natural world.
• International Perspectives (IP). These courses assist students in developing a critical understanding of the world beyond the United States. IP courses provide students with the tools necessary to analyze non-US cultures, societies, and states (including indigenous societies and sovereign nations within the United States and its territories), either modern or historical.
• Mathematical, Computational, or Statistical Reasoning (MCSR). These courses enable students to use mathematics and quantitative models and techniques to understand the world around them either by learning the general tools of mathematics and statistics or by applying them in a subject area.
• Visual and Performing Arts (VPA). These courses help students expand their understanding of artistic expression and judgment through creation, performance, and analysis of artistic work in the areas of dance, film, music, theater, and visual art.

*	A course graded Credit/D/Fail Only, e.g., music ensembles, may be used to fulfill a division or distribution requirement if a grade of CR (credit) is earned.

Division Requirements

Students must earn at least one full credit from each of the following three divisions of the curriculum:

• Natural Science and Mathematics (a)
• Social and Behavioral Sciences (b)
• Humanities (c)

Courses that meet these requirements will be marked with the symbols in parentheses. Additionally, courses that are designated as first-year writing seminars will be marked with (FYWS).