An introduction to the field of genetics and its impact on the modern world. As the cost of DNA sequence analysis plummets, many believe that sequencing entire genomes of individuals will soon become part of routine preventative health care. How can information gleaned from genome affect decisions about health? Beyond medical applications, how might personal genetic information be used in other areas of life, and society as a whole? What ethical, legal, and social issues are raised by widespread use of genetic information? These questions are explored through readings, discussion, and writing assignments.

Mind the Gap serves as an introduction into the world of neuroscience and science communication through an exploration of creative works of fiction, sci-fi, non-fiction, and scientific reports. The class will explore works from Antonio Damasio, Sam Kean, Daniel Keyes, Oliver Sacks, and more as well as shorter scientific reports and research articles. Regardless of background, students in this class will learn to compare the different writing styles necessary for scientific communication with an understanding of how different audiences drive how we shift from scientific to creative and persuasive writing. Students will learn general concepts in Neuroscience by discussing both creative literature and associated scientific papers. Through practice, students will gain insights into proper citation management and concise scientific writing skills. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Neuroscience. (Same as: NEUR 1024)

Terms offered: 2024 Fall Semester

Students will be introduced to the basics of neurobiology, and begin to understand the challenges inherent to studying the brain. Topics will include basic neuronal function, animal behavior, mutations and mental illness, drugs and addiction, neuroethics, and consciousness. Readings from journal articles, websites, and popular press science books will be used. Critical thinking skills will be practiced through several writing assignments as well as in-class discussions and debates.

Terms offered: 2022 Fall Semester

Seminar exploring our deep evolutionary history from the first multicellular animals to Homo sapiens. Emphasizes the living and fossil species that illustrate important transitions that resulted in the evolution of new anatomical features, physiology, and behavior. Includes an embryo observation unit with data collection and analysis. Readings from online media, popular science books, and primary scientific articles. Frequent writing with an emphasis on styles used in modern biology.

Terms offered: 2024 Spring Semester

Examines the biochemical basis for human health and selected diseases. Explores the features of the major molecules of living organisms and examples of health-related issues, including why vitamins are dietary requirements, the global distribution and molecular mechanism of lactose intolerance, and the role of microbes in health and well-being. Also investigates the biochemical bases of chronic conditions such as obesity and hypertension. Involves hands-on laboratory activities, group discussions, and case studies.

Explores the basic principles of ecology and environmental science to better understand the interactions between humans and their environment (biotic and abiotic). Weekly readings and labs using ecosystem simulators will be used to explore ecological dynamics and the application of the scientific method. Class discussions will focus on the application of ecological principles to the understanding of societal issues. The relevance of ecology to society will be an area of concentration, with emphasis on natural resource use, conservation, and public health. Professionals in a broad range of relevant fields will join us for discussions. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 1056)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2023 Fall Semester

Climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and other environmental issues present significant threats to ecological integrity, human health, and social justice. An overwhelming amount of information exists on these topics, from a variety of perspectives—some reliable, some not. Strategies are required for processing this information and drawing conclusions. Students develop skills in accessing reliable information, data analysis, and interpretation, as well as science communication. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 1060)

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester

Discover the living worlds in the oceans and estuaries of our planet. Life in the sea is incredibly diverse, and iconic marine ecosystems (e.g., kelp forests and coral reefs) support complex communities of marine species. Life in the sea is also increasingly important to supporting human populations through food provision and mitigation of climate change. This course, intended for non-science majors, will build a broad knowledge base of different marine ecosystems. Special attention will also be given to Maine’s marine ecosystems and connections between Maine’s modern economy and the sea, as well as traditional use of Maine’s coastal habitats by Native peoples. It will also overview important ocean-based ecosystem services and how these are threatened by climate change and overexploitation. This course will include lecture, discussions, and hands-on exploration of local marine life.

Terms offered: 2025 Spring Semester

An exploration of the basic molecules of life. Starting with DNA we will explore how cells use and pass on this stored information to produce a variety of products used to form cells and organisms. This basic science will be related to every-day examples of biology, health, agriculture, and social issues arising from these applications; genetic modification for health and food production, drug and vaccine development, C02 and our warming the planet. Hands-on experience with DNA, protein, lipids and complex carbohydrates will be included in the regular class meeting time. The class will be a combination of lecture, discussion and exploration in a lab setting and outdoors.

Terms offered: 2025 Spring Semester

Examines the biological basis of cancer, including the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressors in regulating how the cell divides, how environmental agents and viruses can induce DNA mutations leading to cancerous growth, and the genetic basis of cancerous cells. Examines diagnostic procedures and explores emerging technologies that are developing new treatments based on cancer cell characteristics.

Microscopic organisms, microbes, are found in soil, water, air, the human body, and practically every other habitat imaginable. They play central roles in causing and controlling disease, shaping the environment, producing important foods and medicines, and countless other processes on Earth. Examines the diverse ways in which microbes shape the world with emphasis on molecular mechanisms, microbial evolution, and scientific techniques. Enhances understanding of the natural world and the scientific process using primary and secondary literature, data-focused problem solving, and guided research projects. Assumes no background in science.

Terms offered: 2022 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

Neurological disorders—such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, or autism—are on the rise as human life expectancy increases. First addresses the clinical manifestation of different neurological disorders, and then explores the underlying affected brain regions focusing on how dysfunctions in biological mechanisms lead to disease. Also includes discussions on treatment options and ethical aspects of neurological disorders.

Why is the global climate changing and how will biological systems respond? Includes sections on climate systems and climate change, reconstructing ancient climates and past biological responses, predicting future climates and biological responses, climate policy, the energy crisis, and potential solutions. Incorporates a few field trips and laboratories designed to illustrate approaches to climate change science at the cellular, physiological, and ecological levels. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 1090)

Terms offered: 2025 Spring Semester

This course is an introductory exploration of the nervous system as it relates to bodily functions. It explores neurons as the basic building blocks of brain and behavior. Through lectures and classroom experiments, students would learn how electrochemical nerve signals control body movement, cardiovascular function, reflexes, and brain activity. Further, students explore how the nervous system can interact with machine interfaces, including prosthetics. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Neuroscience. (Same as: NEUR 1099)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester

The first in a two-semester introductory biology sequence. Topics include fundamental principles of cellular and molecular biology with an emphasis on providing a problem-solving approach to an understanding of genes, RNA, proteins, and cell structure and communication. Focuses on developing quantitative skills, as well as critical thinking and problem solving skills. Lecture and weekly laboratory/discussion groups. To ensure proper placement, students must take the biology placement examination and must be recommended for placement in Biology 1101. Students continuing in biology will take Biology 1102 , not Biology 1109 , as their next biology course.

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

The second in a two-semester introductory biology sequence. Emphasizes fundamental biological principles extending from the physiological to the ecosystem level of living organisms. Topics include physiology, ecology, and evolutionary biology, with a focus on developing quantitative skills as well as critical thinking and problem solving skills. Lecture and weekly laboratory/discussion groups.

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

Lectures examine fundamental biological principles, from the sub-cellular to the ecosystem level with an emphasis on critical thinking and the scientific method. Laboratory sessions will help develop a deeper understanding of the techniques and methods used in the biological science by requiring students to design and conduct their own experiments. Lecture and weekly laboratory/discussion groups. To ensure proper placement, students must take the biology placement examination and must be recommended for placement in Biology 1109.

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Spring Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Spring Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

The Gulf of Maine/Bay of Fundy system is a semi-enclosed sea bordered by three US states and two Canadian provinces. It supports some of the world’s most productive fisheries and played a key role in European colonization of North America. Investigates how the species found in this body of water interact with each other and with the abiotic components of their environment. Topics include natural history; geological and physical oceanography; characteristics of major habitats; biology of macroinvertebrates, fishes, seabirds, and marine mammals; biogeography; food webs; and fisheries biology. Examines how human activities such as fishing, aquaculture, shipping, and coastal development affect the ecology of the region. Includes lectures, discussions of the primary literature, and field excursions. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 1154)

Understanding environmental challenges requires scientific knowledge about the different spheres of the Earth -- land, water, air, and life -- and how they interact. Presents integrated perspectives across the fields of biology, chemistry, and earth and oceanographic science to examine the scientific basis for environmental change from the molecular to the global level. Foundational principles are developed to address major course themes, including climate change, energy, soil/air/water pollution, chemical exposure and risk, land use change, and biodiversity loss. Laboratory sessions consist of local field trips, laboratory experiments, group research, case study exercises, and discussions of current and classic scientific literature. This course originates in Environmental Studies and is crosslisted with: Biology; Chemistry. (Same as: ENVS 2201, CHEM 1105)

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

A study of mathematical modeling in biology, with a focus on translating back and forth between biological questions and their mathematical representation. Biological questions are drawn from a broad range of topics, including disease, ecology, genetics, population dynamics, and neurobiology. Mathematical methods include discrete and continuous (ODE) models and simulation, box models, linearization, stability analysis, attractors, oscillations, limiting behavior, feedback, and multiple time-scales. Within the biology major, this course may count as the mathematics credit or as biology credit, but not both. Students are expected to have taken a year of high school or college biology prior to this course. This course originates in Mathematics and is crosslisted with: Biology. (Same as: MATH 1808)

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester

A study of mathematical modeling in biology, with a focus on translating back and forth between biological questions and their mathematical representation. Biological questions are drawn from a broad range of topics, including disease, ecology, genetics, population dynamics, and neurobiology. Mathematical methods include discrete and continuous (ODE) models and simulation, box models, linearization, stability analysis, attractors, oscillations, limiting behavior, feedback, and multiple time-scales. Within the biology major, this course may count as the mathematics credit or as biology credit, but not both. Students are expected to have taken a year of high school or college biology prior to this course. This course originates in Mathematics and is crosslisted with: Biology. (Same as: MATH 1758)

Terms offered: 2025 Spring Semester

Scientists are communicators, using images, graphical representations, written and spoken words to convey their findings. Those findings achieve their greatest impact through dissemination; a research project is not complete until it has been described for others. Mindfulness of the intended audience and the goals of communication dictate the most suitable forms. Explores and develops effective communication with peer scientists, potential funders (i.e., grant proposals), non-specialist scientists, children and adult lay audiences through written work, presentations, posters, displays, podcasts, short videos and documentary films. Involves individual and group projects, critiques, site visits, and engagement with scientists and communication professionals (including journalists, filmmakers and museum curators). This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2024)

Terms offered: 2022 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester

Integrated coverage of organismic and molecular levels of genetic systems. Topics include modes of inheritance, the structure and function of chromosomes, the mechanisms and control of gene expression, recombination, mutagenesis, techniques of molecular biology, and human genetic variation. Laboratory sessions are scheduled.

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

An examination of the structure and function of microorganisms, from viruses to bacteria to fungi, with an emphasis on molecular descriptions. Subjects covered include microbial structure, metabolism, and genetics. Control of microorganisms and environmental interactions are also discussed. Laboratory sessions every week.

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

Focuses on the structure and function of cells as we have come to know them through the interpretation of direct observations and experimental results. Emphasis is on the scientific (thought) processes that have allowed us to understand what we know today, emphasizing the use of genetic, biochemical, and optical analysis to understand fundamental biological processes. Covers details of the organization and expression of genetic information, and the biosynthesis, sorting, and function of cellular components within the cell. Concludes with examples of how cells perceive signals from other cells within cell populations, tissues, organisms, and the environment. Three hours of lab each week. Not open to students who have credit for Biology 2423. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Biochemistry. (Same as: BIOC 2124)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

An exploration of the major processes that explain how genomic variation is organized within and between populations. Central topics include the molecular description of genetic variation, the organization of genetic variation within populations, mutation and gene conversion, migration, natural selection, genetic drift, using genomes to study population genetics, and the population genomics of complex traits. Lectures and discussions will develop theory and demonstrate applications of theory to a broad diversity of organisms. Laboratories will develop hands-on skills in the generation of genetic and genomic data sets and teach the analysis of genomic data sets. Familiarity with computer programming and/or the language R is strongly recommended.

Terms offered: 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

Examines fundamental concepts in neurobiology from the molecular to the systems level. Topics include neuronal communication, gene regulation, morphology, neuronal development, axon guidance, mechanisms of neuronal plasticity, sensory systems, and the molecular basis of behavior and disease. Weekly lab sessions introduce a wide range of methods used to examine neurons and neuronal systems. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Neuroscience. (Same as: NEUR 2135)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

An examination of current concepts of embryonic development, with an emphasis on experimental design. Topics include cell fate specification, morphogenetic movements, cell signaling, differential gene expression and regulation, organogenesis, and the evolutionary context of model systems. Project-oriented laboratory work emphasizes experimental methods. Lectures and three hours of laboratory per week.

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

Examines the functional attributes of plants and the manner in which they vary across the plant kingdom by the processes of evolution and acclimation. Topics of focus include photosynthesis and protection again high-light stress, the acquisition and distribution of water and mineral nutrients, and environmental and hormonal control of development. Special topics discussed may include plant parasitism, carnivory, the origins and present state of agriculture, plant responses to global climate change, plant life in extreme environments, and the impacts of local land-use history on plant communities. Contemporary research instrumentation is used in weekly laboratories, some conducted in the field, to enable first-hand exploration of phenomena discussed in lecture. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2223)

Terms offered: 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

An examination of animal function, from the cellular to the organismal level. The underlying concepts are emphasized, as are the experimental data that support current understanding of animal function. Topics include the nervous system, hormones, respiration, circulation, osmoregulation, digestion, and thermoregulation. Labs are short, student-designed projects involving a variety of instrumentation. Lectures and four hours of laboratory work per week.

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

Explories the ecology of river systems. Rivers are linear features through watersheds and across the landscape where ecosystem influences are reflected, focused, and transported from hilltops to coastal estuaries, and sometimes back again. Considers the role of rivers as corridors connecting a wide range of ecosystems, as indicators of broader landscape ecology, and as ecosystems in their own right with particular focus on the interaction of geomorphology, hydrology, and biology in the development and function of these dynamic and essential ecosystems. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2284)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester

Coral reefs are the largest biogenic structures on earth that support exceptional levels of biodiversity in all the branches of the tree of life. They also face multiple threats due to human activities, including increased ocean acidity that is reducing reef construction, major coral bleaching events that are increasing in intensity and frequency, overfishing of increasingly limited wild fisheries stocks, and changes in land use in tropical nations and islands that can have strong local impacts on reef health. This course will explore the geological processes that build coral reefs, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that maintain exceptionally high levels of biodiversity. It will apply theory and data to the challenges now confronting coral reef ecosystems, and their future prospects. The class will include lectures, discussions, weekly lab meetings, and field trips.. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2211)

Examines one of the most breathtaking ideas in the history of science -- that all life on this planet descended from a common ancestor. An understanding of evolution illuminates every subject in biology, from molecular biology to ecology. Provides a broad overview of evolutionary ideas, including the modern theory of evolution by natural selection, evolution of sexual reproduction, patterns of speciation and macro-evolutionary change, evolution of sexual dimorphisms, selfish genetic elements, and kin selection. Laboratory sessions are devoted to semester-long, independent research projects.

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

The study of the biology and ecology of marine mammals, seabirds, fish, intertidal and subtidal invertebrates, algae, and plankton. Also considers the biogeographic consequences of global and local ocean currents on the evolution and ecology of marine organisms. Laboratories, field trips, and research projects emphasize natural history, functional morphology, and ecology. Lectures and four hours of laboratory or field trip per week. One weekend field trip included. Students have the opportunity to take an optional field trip to the Bowdoin Scientific Station on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2229)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

People rely on nature for food, materials, medicines, and recreation, yet the fate of Earth’s biodiversity is rarely given priority among the many pressing problems facing humanity today. Explores the interactions within and among populations of plants, animals, and microorganisms, and the mechanisms by which those interactions are regulated by the physical and chemical environment. Major themes are biodiversity and the processes that maintain biodiversity, the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function, and the science underlying conservation efforts. Laboratory sessions consist of student research, local field trips, laboratory exercises, and discussions of current and classic ecological literature. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2225)

Ecology, the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment, incorporates topics from how organisms cope with environmental stressors to global carbon cycling. Addresses current questions in ecology, from global change to food security to invasive species. Lectures, labs, primary and popular literature emphasize how scientists use the tenets of ecology to address current environmental issues. Labs, discussions and activities focus on practical applications of ecological theory, scientific writing and data analysis on topics such as plant-insect interactions, amphibian decline, river restoration and natural history. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2227)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

The principles of ecology, emphasizing the hard- and soft-bottom communities of Casco Bay and Harpswell Sound. Field trips and field exercises demonstrate the quantitative principles of marine ecological research, including good practices in sampling designs and field experiments. A class field project designs and implements a long-term study, based at the Bowdoin Marine Laboratory, to monitor and detect changes in community structure driven by climate change in the twenty-first century. Assumes a basic knowledge of biological statistics. Taught in residence at the Schiller Coastal Studies Center as part of the BCSS, Bowdoin Coastal Studies Semester program. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2333)

Terms offered: 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

Explores the biochemical mechanisms that underlie the basis of life. Starts with the chemistry of proteins, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates to build the main elements of a cell. Moves on to the process of gene organization and expression, emphasizing the biochemical mechanisms that regulate these events. Explores next the organization of the cell with emphasis on genetic and biochemical regulation. Concludes with specific examples of multicellular interactions, including development, cancer, and perception of the environment. This course does NOT satisfy a requirement for the biochemistry major and is not open to students who have credit for Biology 2124. Students who intend to enroll in Biology 2124 should not register for Biology 2423. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Biochemistry. (Same as: BIOC 2423)

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

An examination of how forest ecology and the principles of silviculture inform forest ecosystem restoration and conservation. Explores ecological dynamics of forest ecosystems, the science of managing forests for tree growth and other goals, natural history and historic use of forest resources, and the state of forests today, as well as challenges and opportunities in forest restoration and conservation. Consists of lecture, discussions, field trips, and guest seminars by professionals working in the field. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2481)

Terms offered: 2024 Fall Semester

Features classroom, laboratory, and fieldwork emphasizing fundamental biological processes operating in pelagic environments. It includes a hybrid of topics traditionally taught in physical and biological oceanography courses: major ocean current systems, physical structure of the water column, patterns and process of primary production, structure and function of pelagic food webs. Field trips to Casco Bay and Harpswell Sound will introduce students to the methods and data structures of biological oceanography. Taught in residence at the Bowdoin Marine Laboratory, Biology 2501/Environmental Studies 2231 is a course-module in the Bowdoin Marine Science Semester. Biology 2232 (same as Environmental Studies 2232), Biology 2330 (same as Environmental Studies 2233), and English 2804 (same as Environmental Studies 2804) are co-requisites of this course. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2231)

Explores how marine organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems will respond to global ocean change. Concepts in ecology, behavior, physiology, and evolution will be highlighted to demonstrate how marine systems are affected by ocean change factors like warming, ocean acidification, hypoxia, habitat loss, and invasive species. Emphasizes in-depth discussion of key literature to exemplify the theory, study design, and analysis tools marine scientists employ to research current and projected ocean change. Also integrates laboratory, fieldwork, and computer activities to illustrate approaches to monitoring and predicting shifts in biological communities. Taught in residence at the Schiller Coastal Studies Center. Biology 2503/Environmental Studies 2235 is a course-module in the Bowdoin Marine Science Semester. Biology 2232 (same as Environmental Studies 2232), Biology 3117 (same as Environmental Studies 2217), and History 2129 (same as Environmental Studies 2449) are co-requisites of this course. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2235)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester

All cells signal through a variety of mechanisms. Cells take advantage of these signaling pathways to communicate intrinsically, through their local environment, and across entire systems throughout the body. This course will focus on broad types of signaling pathways that have been observed and defined across many fields of biology and introduce students to concepts such as lipid signaling, the immune synapse, and signaling pathways in cancer and other pathologies. Topics of exploration include bioactive lipid signaling, autocrine, cell-cell signaling, and paracrine signaling. We will expand into systemic endocrine signaling and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and discuss more complicated signaling systems such as what happens during oncogenesis and the communication between the gut microbiome and the brain. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Biochemistry; Neuroscience. (Same as: NEUR 2504, BIOC 2504)

Terms offered: 2025 Spring Semester

This course will discuss drug-induced changes in the functioning of the nervous system. The specific focus will be to provide a description of the cellular and molecular actions of drugs (natural or artificial) on the communication between neurons (known as synaptic transmission) and on the production of behaviors such as walking, breathing, heart function, and learning/memory, among others. This course will also refer to specific diseases of the nervous system and their treatment, in addition to giving an overview of the techniques used for the study of neuropharmacology. The lab portion of this course would involve the dissection and handling of mouse tissue. If you are not comfortable with the idea of dissecting mice you should not take this course. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Neuroscience. (Same as: NEUR 2510)

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

Develops the theory and practical skills to apply genetic data to ecological questions. Topics include population connectivity and dispersal, mating systems, detecting natural selection in the wild, and the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. Lectures and discussions develop theoretical understanding through worked examples. The laboratory provides hands-on experience in generating genetic data from marine populations, including modules on sampling design, DNA/RNA extraction, Sanger and Next Generation Sequencing technology, and data analysis through modeling. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2268)

A comparative study of the function of the nervous system in invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Topics include the mechanism that underlie both action potentials and patterns of spontaneous activity in individual nerve cells, interactions between neurons, and the organization of neurons into larger functional units. Lectures and four hours of laboratory work per week. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Neuroscience. (Same as: NEUR 2553)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

Covers the development of the immune response, the cell biology of the immune system, the nature of antigens, antibodies, B and T cells, and the complement system. The nature of natural immunity, transplantation immunology, and tumor immunology also considered.

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester

Explores the molecular basis of common and complex-trait genetic disorders. Examines how mutations affect biological processes and lead to disease phenotypes. Draws upon Mendelian genetics, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics in the study of diseases such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Huntington's disease. In addition, students read and discuss primary literature that reports recent therapeutic developments related to selected disorders.

Examination of the molecular control of neuronal structure and function. After understanding classic cloning techniques and experiments, students will learn more modern variations of techniques related to nucleic acid sequencing, protein visualization, and genetic manipulation. Additional topics such as intracellular signaling, neurotrophins and cell death, growth cone guidance, and the molecular basis of learning and memory are covered. The final portion of the course revolves around pathological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and spinal cord injuries, culminating in an independent investigation of the molecular basis of a neurological disorder of each student’s choosing. Students will gain experience reading and interpreting primary research articles, working collaboratively in small groups, and communicating scientifically. Weekly laboratory sessions are devoted to exploring the molecular basis of compensatory plasticity in the cricket auditory system. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Neuroscience. (Same as: NEUR 2566)

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

Examines the biology of cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, and sea otters. Topics include diversity, evolution, morphology, physiology, ecology, behavior, and conservation. Detailed consideration given to the adaptations that allow these mammals to live in the sea. Includes lecture, discussion of primary literature, lab, field trips, and student-selected case studies. Laboratory and field exercises consider anatomy, biogeography, social organization, foraging ecology, population dynamics, bioacoustics, and management of the marine mammal species found in the Gulf of Maine. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2271)

Current Topics and Research in Marine Science is an experiential research course in which students design and carry out an individual semester long research project. In an advanced seminar setting, students choose topics and learn to (1) search for information in the scientific literature; (2) evaluate the utility of papers to their research topic; (3) identify gaps in existing understanding; (4) formulate hypothesis-driven research questions; and (5) utilize the R programming environment for analysis and presentation of scientific data. Ultimately, students design and carry out a research project that includes integration of their understanding of the scientific literature. Students present their results in a final oral presentation and written paper. Taught in residence at the Schiller Coastal Studies Center as part of the BCSS, Bowdoin Coastal Studies Semester program. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2217)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester

Darwin realized that all life on Earth descends, like the branches of a tree, from a single common ancestor. Phylogenetics is the discipline that reconstructs and studies the tree of life. In this class, we will learn how to build phylogenetic trees (with fossils and genetic data) and analyze the history of biological traits as they evolve across those trees. We will pay special attention to the surprising applications of phylogenetic trees—from uncovering the origins of disease outbreaks to tracing the history of social behaviors to conserving endangered species. Throughout the semester, each student will develop a research project in which they build a phylogeny spanning hundreds of species and millions of years, using their tree to make new discoveries about evolutionary history.

Plants can be found growing under remarkably stressful conditions. Even your own backyard poses challenges to plant growth and reproduction. Survival is possible only because of a diverse suite of elegant physiological and morphological adaptations. The physiological ecology of plants from extreme habitats (e.g., tundra, desert, hypersaline) is discussed, along with the responses of plants to environmental factors such as light and temperature. Readings from the primary literature facilitate class discussion. Excursions into the field and laboratory exercises complement class material. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 3280)

Terms offered: 2023 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

Focused laboratory and fieldwork that integrates across the genetic, systematic, and functional aspects of marine biodiversity to understand the ecological and evolutionary significance of biodiversity. Illustrates this approach by featuring three to four different evolutionary clades that are the foundations of varying marine communities (e.g., coastal zooplankton, rocky intertidal, soft-bottom benthos, tropical coral reefs, and marine mammals). Taught at the Bowdoin Marine Laboratory. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 2234)

Discusses characteristics of cancer cells, including unregulated cell cycle progression, evading growth suppression, lack of apoptosis, replicative immortality, angiogenesis, metastasis, altered metabolism, and evading immune destruction. Readings from the primary literature, with discussion.

Seminar exploring the numerous roles of ribonucleic acid, from the discovery of RNA as a cellular messenger to the development of RNAs to treat disease. Topics also include RNA enzymes, interactions of RNA viruses with host cells, RNA tools in biotechnology, and RNA as a potential origin of life. Focuses on discussions of papers from the primary literature.

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

Advanced seminar investigating the synergistic but complex interface between the fields of developmental and evolutionary biology. Topics include the evolution of novel structures, developmental constraints to evolution, evolution of developmental gene regulation, and the generation of variation. Readings and discussions from the primary scientific literature.

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

Focuses on research methods in field biology, reading the primary literature, and training in scientific writing and presentation, careers in ecology, and next steps to pursuing those careers. Prepares students for productive future research experiences in areas of ecology, marine biology, animal behavior, and evolution. Students will focus on a research topic of their interest, for which they will read the primary literature, design experiments, produce a draft of a scientific paper, deepen their understanding of statistics and present their proposed research. Includes field excursions to marine and terrestrial environments. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 3308)

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

Chemical exposure can strongly impact both ecological communities and human health, often in complex and unexpected ways, yet limited data and scientific uncertainty make pollution regulation challenging. Examines pollution impacts on biological systems, from the organism to the ecosystem scale, with a focus on emerging research areas, including evolutionary ecotoxicology and the potential synergy of multiple environmental stressors. Investigates how society might use available toxicological data to protect ecological integrity and human health. Guest visitors explore political, historical, and social justice aspects, providing an interdisciplinary lens. Reading–, writing–, and discussion-focused seminar This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 3930)

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

A seminar that focuses on current research in evolutionary biology. Topics include macroevolution, microevolution, and applications of evolutionary theory to problems in medicine, agriculture, fishery science, and environmental change. Students read and discuss papers from the primary literature.

Terms offered: 2024 Spring Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

In this course you will learn about the main animal models used in the study of how the nervous system controls motor behavior as animals, including humans, interact with the environment. The course will cover the principal motor systems (including those for walking, flying, swimming, breathing, and others), focusing in particular on bridging the gap between molecular/cellular neuroscience and higher-level perception and behavior. Topics to be covered include neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and functions of the most studied animal behaviors, and the groups of interconnected neurons (termed neural circuits) that control them. Students will read, interpret, analyze, and discuss seminal (classical) and recent scientific papers from influential motor systems neurobiology laboratories. The course will also discuss the relevance of these neuronal motor systems to human diseases. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Neuroscience. (Same as: NEUR 3311)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

This course explores the dynamic morphology, transmission patterns and life cycles of parasites of human health. It also examines their pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, diagnosis (clinical and laboratory), and treatment of protozoans and helminths. Emphasis will be on critical evaluation of primary literatures and writing of scientific reports based on evaluated papers.

Terms offered: 2025 Fall Semester

Microbiome Science covers an emerging field of research on microbial communities in natural and artificial environments. This course emphasizes the ecology of prokaryotic communities (i.e., bacteria and archaea) while also covering eukaryotic microbes and biofilms across a range of habitats, including soil, freshwater and oceans, extreme environments, and the bodies of plants and animals. Environmental microbiology processes (e.g., nutrient cycling, biogeochemistry, symbiosis, and disease) are also discussed, with focus on the metrics of biodiversity that define these complex communities. The course will be structured into three components: lecture, discussions and critical analysis of contemporary research manuscripts, and hands-on instruction of how to process DNA sequences to generate publication-quality figures using an R platform. No prior coding experience is necessary. Students access publicly available microbiome data and process them to synthesize independent research projects, fostering both theoretical knowledge and practical skills for careers in biology, environmental science, and biotechnology.

Terms offered: 2025 Spring Semester

A seminar exploring the complex relationship between genotype and phenotype, with an emphasis on emerging studies of lesser-known mechanisms of inheritance and gene regulation. Topics include dosage compensation, parental imprinting, paramutation, random monoallelic expression, gene regulation by small RNAs, DNA elimination, copy number polymorphism, and prions. Reading and discussion of articles from the primary literature.

Terms offered: 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Fall Semester

Examines the dynamics of evolutionary change at the molecular level. Topics include neutral theory of molecular evolution, rates and patterns of change in nucleotide sequences and proteins, molecular phylogenetics, and genome evolution. Students read and discuss papers from the scientific literature.

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester; 2022 Fall Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

Advanced seminar-style course exploring the molecular basis for the many interactions between humans and microorganisms. Includes topics such as pathogenicity and infection, antimicrobial development and resistance, microbial evolution, microbiomes in health and disease, and biotechnology and industrial microbiology. Focuses on reading, interpretation, analysis, and discussion of articles from the primary scientific literature.

Terms offered: 2023 Spring Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2025 Fall Semester

Explores Maine’s natural history (i.e., the species present in the state of Maine and their interactions) from an evolutionary perspective based on research studies. Classroom time focuses on discussion of peer-reviewed journal articles that examine the evolutionary ecology of local species to understand how they interact, their evolutionary relationships, and observational and experimental methods to study them. In the laboratory section students experience the ecosystems in the state of Maine and learn to identify and observe the ecology of the common local species within plants, animals, and fungi in order to understand evolutionary relationships through identification of common traits. Students will practice writing for both scientific and general audiences. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Environmental Studies. (Same as: ENVS 3320)

Terms offered: 2024 Fall Semester

An advanced seminar focusing on one or more aspects of neuroscience, such as neuronal regeneration and development, modulation of neuronal activity, or the neural basis of behavior. Students read and discuss original papers from the literature. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Neuroscience. (Same as: NEUR 3325)

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2023 Fall Semester; 2024 Spring Semester; 2024 Fall Semester; 2025 Spring Semester

The consequences of neuronal damage in humans, especially in the brain and spinal cord, are frequently devastating and permanent. Invertebrates, on the other hand, are often capable of complete functional regeneration. Examines the varied responses to neuronal injury in a range of species. Topics include neuronal regeneration in planaria, insects, amphibians, and mammals. Students read and discuss original papers from the literature in an attempt to understand the basis of the radically different regenerative responses mounted by a variety of neuronal systems. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Neuroscience. (Same as: NEUR 3329)

Terms offered: 2021 Fall Semester

An exploration of the multiple ways cells have evolved to transmit signals from their external environment to cause alterations in cell architecture, physiology, and gene expression. Examples are drawn from both single-cell and multi-cellular organisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, land plants, insects, worms, and mammals. Emphasis is on the primary literature, with directed discussion and some background introductory remarks for each class.

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester

This seminar will investigate the genetics, physiology, ecology and evolution of animal behavior using readings from the primary literature. It will explore the historical underpinnings of the field of animal behavior and current research topics including sexual selection and mating displays, the cognitive ecology of foraging, learning and decision-making, and the role of animal behavior in agriculture and conservation biology.

Terms offered: 2024 Spring Semester

Covers the principles of population and quantitative genetics from an ecological perspective. Focuses on key concepts in the evolution of natural and managed populations, including subjects such as the heritability of ecologically important traits, inbreeding effects, and random genetic drift. Discusses various field and lab methods using genetic information in the study of ecology.

A seminar-style class exploring primary scientific literature focused on the synapse as the fundamental signaling unit of the brain. Focuses on the cell biology, physiology, plasticity, and signal integration of inter-neuronal communication. Topics will also include recent methodological advances in the study of synaptic function. Following short introductory lectures, students will present selected papers and lead discussions. This course originates in Biology and is crosslisted with: Neuroscience. (Same as: NEUR 3388)

Examines the quantitative and qualitative characterization of organismal morphology and explores the relationship of morphology to measurable components of an organism’s mechanical, hydrodynamic and ecological environment. Students read, interpret, analyze, and discuss scientific papers. Discussions, lectures, problem sets, and a final literature-based paper emphasize (1) the analysis of morphology, including analyses of the shape of individual organisms, different modes of locomotion, and the mechanical and molecular organization of the tissues; (2) characterization of water flow associated with organisms; and (3) analyses of the ecological and mechanical consequences to organisms of their interaction with their environment.

Terms offered: 2022 Spring Semester; 2023 Spring Semester; 2024 Spring Semester

Ornithology is the scientific study of birds. This course uses a wide variety of perspectives (including ecology, evolutionary biology, genetics, paleontology, physiology, chemistry, and physics) to understand avian bodies and behavior. The course is divided into two components. The first meeting each week involves reading classic papers from the scientific literature about birds, ranging from analyses of feather development to reports on endangered species conservation. The second meeting each week involves studying the global taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of birds. Optional field trips introduce participants to Maine’s rich bird diversity. No prior experience with birds is necessary.

Terms offered: 2025 Spring Semester